Review of “Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON”

Review of â€Å" Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON † Introduction In order to get by with theexplosive growing of informations communications, the wavelength division multiplexing inactive optical web ( WDM-PON ) has been extensively investigated as one of the cardinal engineerings for next-generation entree web. This critical reappraisal examines an article that proposes a simple method to better the receiving system public presentation for the WDM-PON based on a wavelength-locked Fabry–Perot optical maser rectifying tube ( F-P LD ) with an injected spectrum-sliced amplified self-generated emanation ( ASE ) visible radiation. The article, â€Å"Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON, † foremost proposed and demonstrated a simple determination control method to set the determination threshold linearly harmonizing to the detected mean power. The writers successfully demonstrated the receiving system public presentation betterment at 1.25 Gb/s transmittal in back-to-back system with the proposed method. Drumhead First, the writers illustrated the noise features of the wavelength-locked F-P LD with simulation consequences. Since the spectrum-sliced injected ASE induces an ASE-ASE whipping noise, the ‘1 ‘ degree noise is much larger than the noise in ‘0 ‘ degree. Therefore, the optimal determination threshold degree lessenings with increasing norm received power and seting the determination threshold linearly with standard power could better the receiving system public presentation. Then the writers demonstrated the determination threshold control circuit, which consists of a conventional receiving system portion, a power monitoring portion and a determination threshold control portion. Harmonizing to the simulation consequences, the determination threshold of the proposed method is a liner estimate of the optimum determination threshold for the worst instance. Third, the writers compared the receiving system public presentation with the optimum determination threshold for the worst-case, the determination threshold with the proposed determination control circuit and the determination threshold in the centre of ‘1’ degree and ‘0’ degree without determination control through simulation and experiment. As seen in the simulation and experimental consequences, the determination control circuit could better the receiving system public presentation dramatically and eliminated the mistake floor in the conventional receiving system. Furthermore, the writers simulated the optimum determination threshold as a map of extinction ratio ( ER ) relative strength noise ( RIN ) . The consequences shows that the ( 1 ) with fixed RIN ( -111 dB/Hz ) optimum determination threshold addition as the ER lessenings due to the decreased ‘1’ degree and ( 2 ) with the fixed ER ( 10 dubnium ) optimum determination threshold decreases with the increasing RIN due to the increased whipping noise. Furthermore, the writers measured the power punishment as a map of the signal conditions ( ER and RIN ) compared with the mention signal status ( 10-dB ER and -111dB/Hz RIN ) at 10-10BER by simulation and experiment. The consequences indicates that with a power punishment less than 1 dubnium, the proposed receiving system could run when the RIN & A ; lt ; -109 dB/Hz and ER & A ; gt ; 8.7 dubnium for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal. Then the writers demonstrated the proposed method in WDM-PON application through the transmittal of five channels over 20-km standard single-mode fibre ( SSMF ) . Unlike the conventional receiving system, with the determination threshold control circuit all of these five channels exhibit error-free transmittal. And the sensitiveness difference between five channels is less than 0.8 dubnium. Finally, the writers besides simulated the optimum determination threshold and the power punishment as a map of ER/RIN for 10-Gb/s transmittal with the premise that the RIN could be reduced every bit low as -120 dB/Hz through noise suppression. Reviews Strengths: ( 1 ) Compared with the old determination control method [ 1 ] – [ 2 ] , the proposed determination control method is more simple and cost-efficient for WDM-PON applications. In the proposed method, the receiving system merely consists of three parts: a conventional receiving system, a power proctor and a determination threshold accountant. The conventional receiving system is composed of a PIN photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier ( TIA ) , a restricting amplifier ( LA ) , and clock and informations recovery ( CDR ) . A opposition ( R ) is operated as the power proctor. And the determination threshold accountant comprises an adder, a dc electromotive force control circuit ( VC ) , an electrical linear amplifier ( K ) , and a low-pass filter ( LPF ) . On the contrary, the old determination control methods [ 1 ] – [ 2 ] based monitoring oculus gap or information correlativity. Thus the old methods require digital processing faculty, precise addition and stage matching, which increases the receiving system complexness and cost. Based on the merely receiving system, the writers successfully eliminated the mistake floor in conventional receiving system for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal over 20-km SSMF. ( 2 ) This proposed determination control method is robust to temperature discrepancy. The writers measured the BER curves of 1.25-Gb/s transmittal over 20-km SSMF for the worst instance ( the injection wavelength aligned at the centre of two neighborhood F-P LD lasing wavelength, highest RIN ) at 45 oC and the best instance ( the injection wavelength aligned to an F-P LD lasing wavelength, lowest RIN ) at 48OC. Fig. 5 in this paper shows that with the proposed determination method the sensitiveness difference between the worst instance and best instance is less than 0.6 dubnium for BER & A ; gt ; 10-13. Since temperature could bring on wavelength impetus of the F-P LD and changes the whipping noise distribution [ 3 ] , this proposed determination control method could extenuate the temperature induced power punishment [ 4 ] . ( 3 ) Since proposed method is executable for a broad signal conditions, the proposed determination control method is practical. The writers demonstrated the power punishment as a map of ER and RIN for BER bing 10-10in Fig. 7. With a power punishment less than 1 dubnium, the proposed receiving system could run when the RIN & A ; lt ; -109 dB/Hz and ER & A ; gt ; 8.7 dubnium for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal. After 20-km transmittal the RIN and ER of signal merely changes to -110.8 and 9.7 dubnium, severally. Therefore after 20-km transmittal, the power punishment is less than 0.3 dubniums compared with the back-to-back system. In practical execution, the proposed determination threshold method is working under a fixed electromotive force mention ( VReferee) of expected power degree to foretell the threshold degree and the input power depends on variable length SSMF. However, due to the border of signal conditions as confirmed in this paper, the proposed determination threshold control method could run in practical applications. ( 4 ) The writers confirmed the feasibleness of proposed determination threshold control circuit in WDM-PON applications through the 51.25-Gb/s transmittal, which has 100-GHz channel spacing, over 20-km SSMF. In the conventional receiving system there exists an mistake floor ( BER & A ; gt ; 10-7) ; on the contrary, these five channels with proposed receiving system could convey with BER lower than 10-14. The sensitiveness difference of these five channels is less than 0.8 dubnium. Failing: ( 1 ) The writers illustrated the feasibleness of the proposed method in high informations rate ( 10 Gb/s ) transmittal through simulation in Fig. 9 and 10. In this simulation, the writers assume the RIN could be suppressed every bit low as -120 dB/Hz by infixing an extra F-P LD [ 5 ] . In [ 5 ] , the suppression of the strength noise achieved by an extra concentrated F-P-LD [ 5 ] is similar as the noise suppression through the nonlinearities of a concentrated SOA [ 6 ] . The concentrated F-P LD induced a correlativity between different frequence constituents and the strength is good suppressed [ 6 ] .Therefore, the optical filtering and scattering could deteriorate this noise suppression due to the stage decorrelation [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] . Although utilizing the saturated F-P LD the RIN could be suppressed lower than -117.5 dB/Hz over 10-km SSMF [ 5 ] , the RIN would be deteriorated and be higher than -117 dB/Hz with the increasing transmittal distance. Furthermore, in [ 5 ] as the F- P LD operates in impregnation part, the ER of signal could be reduced from 12 dubnium to 8 dubnium for 2.5-Gb/s transmittal while the F-P LD injection power is -18 dBm. Therefore even after this noise suppression, the signal status of the 10-Gb/s transmittal is still a challenge for the determination threshold control method. Therefore in order to show the feasibleness of proposed determination control method, it is necessary to look into the 10-Gb/s transmittal public presentation by experiment. As the noise stamp downing method in [ 5 ] are sensitive to optical filtering and scattering and decreases the signal ER, we could seek to use other noise suppression method such as optical pre-filter [ 8 ] , reciprocally injected F-P LDs [ 9 ] or ultra-narrow injected ASE [ 10 ] . ( 2 ) In Fig. 8 the channel spacing of channels is 100 GHz. In the system utilizing spectrum-sliced light beginning, the signal–crosstalk round noise is dramatically reduced compared with the conventional optical maser beginning due the broad set of spectrum-sliced light beginning [ 11 ] . Thus it is possible to convey 2.5-Gb/s informations in multiple channels with 50-GHz channel spacing. 50-GHz channel spacing could duplicate the system capacity. Furthermore, as the transmittal distance additions, the increasing scattering non merely induces the inter-symbol intervention but deteriorates the noise suppression dramatically every bit good. Thus narrower spectrum-sliced visible radiation beginning could has a stronger robust to dispersion [ 10 ] . Although narrower channel spacing would deteriorate the system public presentation with intra-channel XT, we could unite with the determination threshold control circuit with the forward mistake rectification ( FEC ) codification whic h could loosen up the BER threshold to[ 12 ] . Decision This paper proposed a practical and effectual determination control method to better the receiving system public presentation. The writers demonstrated that this determination control circuit has a strong robust to temperature fluctuation and signal status devolution ( including ER decrease and RIN increasing ) . In add-on to these virtues, we could widen this undertaking by ( 1 ) Uniting the proposed threshold control method with appropriate noise-suppression method for 10-Gb/s transmittal in experiment ( 2 ) combing proposed method with FEC to convey 2.5-Gb/s signals in channels with 50-GH/z channel spacing. Mention: [ 1 ] Y. Matsumoto, T. Kuriyama, D. Inami, and M. Ohta, â€Å" An adaptative determination threshold control of the optical receiving system for multigigabit tellurian DWDM transmittal system s, † inOpticalFiber Communication Conf. and the Nat. Fiber Ocular Engineers Conf. , Anaheim, CA, 2001, paper TuR2. [ 2 ] M. Kawai, H. Watanabe, T. Ohtsuka, and K. Yamaguchi, â€Å"Smart optical receiving system with automatic determination threshold scene and retiming stage alliance, †IEEEJ. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1634–1640, Nov. 1989. [ 3 ] H.-D. Kim, S.-G. Kang, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å"A low-cost WDM beginning with an ASE injected Fabry-Perot semiconducting material optical maser, †IEEEPhoton. Technol. Lett. , vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1067–1069, Aug. 2000. [ 4 ] A. A. Al-Orainy and J. J. O’Reilly, â€Å"Optimized threshold scene for public presentation sweetening of spectrum sliced WDM systems, † in LEOS ’95.IEEE Lasers Electro-Optics Soc. 1995 Annu. Meeting. 8th Annu. Meeting. Conf. Proc. , San Francisco, CA, USA, 1995, vol. 2, pp. 63–64. [ 5 ] J.-S. Jeong and C.-H. Lee, â€Å"Optical noise suppression techniques for wavelength-locked Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tube, † in Proc. of the fifteenth Asia-Pacific Conf. on Communications, Shanghai, China, 2009, paper 142. [ 6 ] H. Kim, S. Kim, S. Hwang, and Y. Oh, â€Å"Impact of scattering, PMD, and PDL on the public presentation of spectrum-sliced incoherent visible radiation beginnings utilizing gain-saturated semiconducting material optical amplifiers, †IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 24, no.2, pp: 775-784, 2006. [ 7 ] S. Kim, J. Han, J. Lee, and C. Park, â€Å"Intensity noise suppression in spectrum-sliced incoherent light communications systems utilizing a addition concentrated semiconducting material optical amplifier, †I [ EEE Photon. Technol. Lett. , vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1042–1044, Aug. 1999. [ 8 ] K.-Y. Park, J.-S. Baik, T.-W. Oh, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å" Intensity noise suppression and 1.25 Gb/s transmittal utilizing a wave-length locked Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tube with filtered ASE injection, †Optoelectronics and Communication Conferencepp.200-201, 2004. [ 9 ] S.-H. Yoo, J.-Y. Kim, B.-Il Seo, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å" Noise-suppressed reciprocally injected Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tubes for 10-Gb/s broadcast signal transmittal in WDM inactive optical webs, † Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 6538-6546, 2013. [ 10 ] Z. Al-Qazwini and H. Kim, â€Å"Ultra-narrow spectrum-sliced incoherent visible radiation beginning for 10-Gb/s WDM PON, †IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 30, no. 19, pp: 3157–3163, 2012. [ 11 ] Y. S. Jang, C. H. Lee, and Y. C. Chung, â€Å"Effects of XT in WDM systems utilizing spectrum-sliced visible radiation beginnings, † IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. , vol. 11, no. 6, pp.715–717, Jun. 1999. [ 12 ] 2004ITU-T G.975.1, Forward mistake rectification for high bit-rate DWDM pigboat systems, 2004.

Explain Legal Issues, Policies and Procedures Relevant to Assessment

Q: Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. Ans: For the smooth running of organization or/and to meet the internal and external requirements of awarding bodies, it is must to have some legal policies and procedures ready at hand in assessment. If, at one hand, it helps us go through the whole process of assessment smoothly, at the other, it builds a confidence among the learners who feel secure in the process. Training organizations are also subject to inspection by OFSTED so have to keep records for performance, safety and financial reasons. Registers-attendance at lessons. Visit Report Forms-proof you are visiting candidates. Individual Learning Plans-Targets and timescales. Equality and Diversity Forms-Ensuring no discrimination. Health and Safety Check Forms-Ensuring safe working environment. Course feedback forms-feedback from candidates. Course assessment sheets-record of tests and progress There are some basic policies and procedures that ought to be an integral part of whole organizational set up. Health and Safety Policy and Procedures: These are important. All organizations must carry out a  risk assessment  identifying the risks to employees, other workers, clients, members of the public and anyone who comes onto the organization’s premises or uses its services. They must then draw up a health and safety scheme setting out a program to reduce the risks, or to minimize the negative impact if they do happen. Since in assessment, there is possibility of learners being under 18, the assessor or the authority has to carry out a specific assessment taking into account the fact that young people may be inexperienced, immature and/or less aware of risks than adults. These requirements are set out in the Health and Safety (Young Persons) Regulations 1997. Data Protection Act: The main thrust of Data Protection is protecting against abuse of data held on individuals. Data collection has to be fair. This now means that the individual must know who is doing the collecting, and the purposes for which the data are intended to be used. Data shouldn't be kept for longer than necessary, must be kept secure, and should be adequate, relevant and accurate. Thus the learners, in assessment, will feel secure as it ensures confidentiality.

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Great response from Arthur Miller Essay The Crucible was written in 1953, by Arthur Miller. Miller has said that the purpose of the play is to comment on the parallels between the unfair Salem Witch trials and the Red Scare that lasted eight years 1948-1956. A Crucible is a large container that is used in the production of steel, where they are heated until they melt. A Crucible can stand extremely high temperatures. This is a direct comment on what the play is about. Arthur Miller provided an artistic response to the political climate and he wrote to tackle certain issues such as intimidation. Under McCarthyism, the United States was afraid of communisms influence. McCarthyism came from Senator John McCarthy, who set out to find any threats to the American life and their security. Anybody suspected of communism, mainly those in the entertainment industry, either confessed and gave names of other people or the American Government blacklisted them. Miller, in the entertainment industry, who was protecting his business and friends from any negative outlook it gave, refused to testify to the Committee and was blacklisted. McCarthyism has a great likeness to the play The Crucible. In both situations people only wishing to save themselves falsely accuse many people who suffer. John and Elizabeth Proctor dont have a normal husband and wife relationship, although they are married. They are distant with one another. Their relationship is full of suspicions and clearly has a lack of trust: What keeps you so late? is an accusation. Elizabeth really means what have you been doing or where have you been to keep you so late. The strength of their relationship is tested. John tries to please Elizabeth but she cannot forget her suspicions. John explains to her: I have not moved from there to there without I think to please you, and still an everlasting funeral marches around you heart. This shows that John feels guilt. John Proctor is an honest man. We see this through the way he acts and what he says. John works hard to provide for his family. He has a good clean name in the village and is well respected. However, when the hysteria begins, he wonders whether to expose Abigail for what she really is, even though his name will be ruined. We see that he truly loves Elizabeth when he confesses lechery in order to protect his wife. The audience are drawn to John Proctor. He is one of few people in the play to be truthful throughout, along with Reverend John Hale. Elizabeth is also an honest person. She is a good Christian woman and acts the way shes supposed to as a wife and mother. However, sometimes she can be very cold. She, along with many others, is accused of witchcraft simply because she fired Abigail when she suspected that her and John were attracted to one another and didnt want it to go any further. Even though she has suspected John of lechery and is distant towards him, we know that she deeply loves him. Hale is called into Salem to find out what is going on. He seems a respectful man and gives everyone a chance to prove his or her innocence. He is sort of the plays saviour or hero.  We get to know Abigail Williams through her language and what other characters say. We see that she has power over the other girls and just how far she will go to protect herself, especially in Act 1: I have seen some reddish work done at night and I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down! Abigail leads the girls in accusing innocent people of witchcraft. Abigail saw the Indians murder her parents. This could have had an affect on the way Abigail is and how she acts. I think that she is able to threaten danger to the girls partly because of her childhood and what she has seen. In Act 3, Abigail shows her power by the way she speaks to Danforth in the courtroom. She even threatens him, saying that the Hell can take him: Let you beware, Mr. Danforth Beware of it! After realising what she has said, she immediately pretends she is in another trance and can see things. This is to allow her to get away with what she has said and so Danforth cant reply to her. There is a great change from Act 1 to Act 3 with regards to hysteria. In Act 1, the girls accuse a few names and they tell just enough lies to protect themselves. Abigail and John Proctor take a gentle lighthearted approach to it in Act 1 and they laugh and joke about it. However, in Act 3 it becomes much more serious. They tell a massive amount of lies and act to make their story believable. Act 3 starts straight away with hysteria. The audience are aware of the gradual build-up because of the characters dialogue. As the play moves further along, the plot thickens as more names are thrown into it and even more unbelievable acting takes place with more and more lies being told. In Act 3, Mary Warren tries to go against the girls with the help of John Proctor in order to save Elizabeth and the other innocents. Mary Warren is already a weak and feeble character and when Danforth questions and speaks to her, he uses cruel vocabulary to fade her. It is obvious that he is on the girls side and doesnt believe a word of what Mary Warren is saying. The girls then accuse Mary Warren of witchcraft. Then she sees that she cannot tell the real truth and overcome the girls lies so she decides to rejoin the girls. To protect herself she accuses John of making her go against the girls and tell lies to them by threatening her. The stage directions in this act build up tension. They add to the drama and the way the girls convincingly act. The stage directions are just as important as the speech. They let us know what is going on and help us understand the characters more. The language also builds up tension. There is a lot of talk about God in the courtroom. Also, there is a lot of cutting each other off. Abigail always tends to cut off Danforth from speaking, so he cant respond to her, this also shows her power. It is almost like Abigail is speaking and saying things just to stop anyone else from doing so.  Personally, I really like the play. I think its a great response from Arthur Miller. There is a mixture of characters and its interesting to see how they interact with one another. I like the play partly because its a true story and I was interested in finding out what happened.

Popular Entertainment, Performing Arts Essay Example for Free

Popular Entertainment, Performing Arts Essay Popular entertainment is â€Å"ideas, perspectives, altitudes, memes, and other phenomena that are preferred by an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture. † Now like me most people would think, â€Å"I still don’t get it. † Popular entertainment is basically a genre of entertainment based on the popularity it has gained. Many people often confuse popular culture which is basically popular entertainment with pop culture. The most important difference between the two is that popular culture is gained popularity regardless of the style whereas pop culture is based on a specific society and historic period which contains qualities of mass appeal. Popular Entertainment is often stereotyped as trivial and one could almost say dumbed down to be accepted by the masses of society, which allows those who aren’t part of the main stream such as religious groups and countercultural groups to heavily criticize it. These groups deem it superficial, consumerist, sensational and even corrupted. The Distinction between Popular and Higher Culture Popular entertainment can be traced back to the 19th century where it was considered education and general culture of the lower class as opposed to the official or dominant class of society. By the end of World War 2 the following big cultural and social changes brought by most media innovations caused Popular Entertainments meaning to overlap with that of mass culture, media culture, image culture and culture for mass consumption. It is believed that there are as many as six different meanings of Popular Entertainment. The quantitive meaning often sets in the confusion of certain â€Å"higher culture† that is also popular. * It is also described as the left over culture after â€Å"higher culture† has been defined and taken from the equation. * It is also said that it is equivalent to mass culture and ideas. Then it is described as commercial culture which is mass produced for mass consumption by mass media from Western Europe which can be compared to American Culture. * It has been known as the authenticate culture of the people * That it has a political dimension to it Personally I think it can be most relevantly described as the struggle between the resistant of lower groups in society and forces of incorporation of the dominant groups of society with regards to the entertainment world. Popular Entertainment or culture can easily be recognized by the distinction between that which is considered popular and that which is considered as high class. It has emerged from urbanisation of industrial revolution. Confusion comes in when Bart Simpsons for example, which is a television animation which can be considered as higher class has elements of popular entertainment in it. Studies of Shakespeare notice that many characteristic vitality of his drama in its participation in Renaissance Popular Culture while contemporary practitioners such as Dario Fo and John McGarth use popular culture in its Gramscian sense that includes ancient folk tradition like comedia dell‘arte. This makes it difficult for the average person to then differentiate between Popular Entertainment and Higher forms of entertainment. Popular entertainment constantly changes and occurs specifically in place and time. It boils down to that which represents a complex of mutually interdependent perspectives and values that influences society and its influences in various ways. Popular Entertainment is therefore commonly more appealing to the broader spectrum of society. Popular Entertainment can therefore be related to that which people can easily relate to. Popular culture is also associated with self-referentiality. This basically means that Popular Entertainment is mainly based on exploring every realm of corrective experience instead of just relying on reality. Many media outputs devote it to other images whereas self-referentiality is all-embracing. It is said that the side effect of mass consumerism reflects a fundamental paradox which is basically the increase in technological and cultural sophistication combined with the increase in superficial and dehumanization. What makes Popular Entertainment Popular? Anyone who enjoys the streets who enjoys feasting his eyes on shop windows piled high with all kinds of everyday wares and artful trifles; anyone who enjoys the cafes is unlikely to be moved by the polished art of the serious theatre. Unless the theatre shouts as lustily as the streets it won’t attract an audience for love or money. The Parisian derives far more enjoyment from the fetes and traveling theatres than from anything the dramatic theatre has to offer- Vsevolod Meyerhold We must give credit to the basic principles of the circus and the music hall. In olden times there was the influence of French comedians and of Chaplin. The first news of fox trot and jazz, this early love thrived. The music hall element was obviously eeded at the time for the emergence of a montage form of thought- Sergei Einstein, tr. Daniel Gerould Playfulness is a volatile sometimes dangerously explosive essence which cultural institutions seek to bottle or contain in the vials of games, of competition, chance, and strength in modes of simulation such as theatre and in control disorientation from roller coasters to dervish dancing- Victor Turner What is Popular Entertainment? Popular Entertainment is basically any form of entertainment that is considered relevant to those who form part of the lower and middle class. It is the entertainment which as gained popularity not for the specific style that is used, but for its relevance. Popular entertainment therefore cannot simply be associated with its level of popularity since there can be other, much higher levels of entertainment that can also be popular. This does not mean that the element of popularity is completely cut from what popular entertainment is, it just means that it is not solely based on the level of popularity but more so on the level of popularity the style of entertainment has gained regardless of it style. Genres in popular entertainment Folklore Folklore is a form Popular Entertainment but is not mass produced. Folklore persists today by word of mouth instead of through mass media, e. g. jokes and urban legends. Folklores element of popular entertainment engages big time with the commercial element. The public has its own tastes and it may not embrace all sorts of entertainment. Popular entertainment has an interconnected nature. Things such as when you sulk and the clock strikes 12:00 that your face would stay like that can be considered as folklore. Many people embrace this form, but instead of being spread in masses it gets carried over from generation to generation by word of mouth. Burlesque Burlesque is often stereotyped with strippers walking on a run way. This is not a complete myth although, burlesque in its essence was a form of popular entertainment that over stepped the boundaries of what was considered â€Å"right† in the time frame. Burlesque generally consists of music and comedy. The main attraction towards burlesque was its sense of making fun of sex. This is one of the main reasons why the female cast members bodies were exposed in sexy tight fitting and short costumes. Burlesque in the period of its peak was very popular mainly because the form of exposure was considered immoral in that time. The woman of that time covered their bodies’ true form with frills and puffs of material while those on the burlesque stage had their garters sticking out with tights and body suits, leaving very little for the imagination. Its sense of humour was solely based on exposed humans’ sexual nature and they relied on comedy with double meanings. It was a very clever way of getting people to laugh as they would make comments like I’m sorry I was late, but my gadget broke. Allowing the audience to wonder what was she late for and what gadget broke. She could mean she was late or she didn’t â€Å"come† in time because her g-string broke. This form of comedy an exposure of the female body made burlesque a leading genre through the 1840s up until the 1960s. Burlesque then introduced other genres such as vaudeville to fill the show, but at the time many vaudeville performers considered burlesque as demoralising but when they times were tough they would perform in burlesque under aliases. The female cast members were soon playing men roles. Burlesque was never really about a strong script but more about the power of the star playing the role to keep audiences stimulated and coming back for more, â€Å"Underdressed woman playing sexual aggressors, combining good looks with impertinent comedy- in a production written and managed by woman? Unthinkable! † Burlesque was basically dominated by daring woman who with enough will power believed that they could accomplish anything. Burlesque evolved into making fun of relevant topics and popular shows along with a sexual connotation which kept audiences intrigued. Burlesque became a variety act that included song, dance, juggling, comics, etc. Burlesque soon took on the format of a minstrel show. It was when males took over the management of Burlesque that female wit was replaced with trying to reveal as much of the female body as possible. Millie Deleon, Burlesques biggest star in the 20th century, threw her garters in the audiences and at times did not wear tights. This got her arrested but also assisted in giving burlesque a bad reputation. A typical burlesque stage setting was based on common places that the middle and lower class audience could relate to as they were the target audience. Common settings were courtrooms, street corners, class rooms, as well as examining rooms. Burlesque comedy focussed a lot of misunderstandings which kept it interesting. Cabaret Cabaret is unique for its venue. Originally the word means a place where alcohol is served. Cabaret in the world of entertainment refers to a performance in an intimate restaurant or nightclub setting where adults can enjoy entertainment that stretches the boundaries of what was permitted in the time of origin. A cabaret can more so be described as intellectuals that gathered in an intimate environment to share ideas by means of comedy, song, dance and theatre. These ideas were mainly based on politics and themes that had social relevance. The first Cabaret â€Å"Cabaret Artistique† opened in 1881 in Paris, France. It was later renamed to â€Å"Le Chat Noir. Its main attraction was not the half dressed woman as in Burlesque but rather the sharing of ideas in the associated venue. Cabarets can be considered as the outcasts or those who went against the norms of society and performed their opinions through skits that they would often come up with in a span of an evening or during the day. Cabarets content is almost always relevant to society of its time frame. The comedy used in cabaret was not just any old jokes or random making fun of whatever was relevant but rather very clever. The comedy they used was satire which is often described as being tickled with a blade. Cabarets relied on using content that was sensitive in society and they would make fun of that only to later make the audience later realise that they were laughing about something that is actually very serious. For example the news may show how babies get raped on a regular basis then cabaret performers would satirically perform these rapes but with the idea that they want people to be aware of the seriousness of the problem. This may seem complicated as they make are making fun of very sensitive things but most cabarets was a very clever way of influencing an audience member’s frame of thought. Cabaret is also unique for its audience interaction. A typical cabaret often involved the audience completely in the performance. In cabaret it is specifically important to keep the audience intrigued by the performance, but also being able to allow them a chance to embrace the intimate space they are in with whoever they are with. Cabarets gave room for the audience to interact with one another. It is vital to know that a cabaret is specifically targeted at the adult audience and is not appropriate for all ages or families. Cabaret is about being able to explore the boundaries that have been set by society in this intimate environment. Cabaret also has variety acts like jugglers, singers, dances, clowns, etc. but it was mainly based on the message that they are trying to bring across. In a cabaret the audience did not have to abide by the laws of society, so the audience was automatically comfortable. The audience did not have to sit in a specific way or take off their hats when they came to the cabaret instead they were free to be, socialise as they pleased and also enjoy the entertainment of a cabaret. Later cabaret gained a jazz element to it but its main focus has barely changed besides the misconceptions modern society has. Vaudeville This is basically any form of inoffensive entertainment which solely relied on the audience response. Vaudeville could include anything from juggling, freak acts to dumb acts. It focuses on entertaining, fascinating and reaching the unthinkable. Anyone could enjoy a vaudeville act and while it often included song and dance the core of a vaudeville act was doing something extraordinarily. The audience is very interactive in this style of entertainment and an audience response could either make or break an act. For a vaudevillian it is vital to always be at their best as a slip up in one act could ruin their reputation for good. Vaudevilles format was never about the importance of the act but rather based on the order of appearance. Vaudeville affected the normal comedy world as vaudeville was fun, entertaining and often humorous. It was only later that comics were emerged into vaudeville by means of a master of ceremonies which also assisted in making certain bills hit shows instead of just normal. It is vital to realise that vaudeville bills weren’t always entertaining. Some were really boring and others just average, vaudeville relies on the fact that it consists of 8acts and if an audience does not like a particular act they had the next act to rely on, to fulfil the audience taste. Comparisons and contrasts The one thing almost all the genres within popular entertainment have in common is that their target audience are all the lower class or working class of its time. The difference is evident where it’s a given that Burlesque is more specifically targeted at male audience, while cabaret is targeted at adults who don’t always agree with government and vaudeville is targeted at everyone. Burlesque and cabaret can compare in the sense that they both are more appropriate at night but while burlesque relies on its sexual connotation and exposed females, cabaret relies on the relevance of the topics that they use and the ideas they share. Vaudeville is basically any type of entertainment within the parameters of society while burlesque and cabaret is more anti-society than anything else. It is evident that dominant classes of the time of each of these genres basically looked down on all the styles mentioned, but this is what kept the middle and lower classes entertained. In each style, song, dance and comedy is relevant but while vaudeville relied on slapstick and amusing comedy cabaret relies of clever, satirical and black humour and burlesque makes use of confusing or misinterpreting or even witty comedy. Wit and satire can be very closely associated but satires method to tickle with a blade makes it unique to cabaret. While vaudeville could be showed in a theatre or even a park and burlesque can be showed in any theatre or circuit it is vital that the cabaret has the intimate bar or restaurant vibe attached to it. While vaudeville can be identified for its entertainment and fascinations, burlesque can be identified for its guts while cabaret can be identified by the roughness and the â€Å"balls† in its skits. Cabaret and Burlesque is very closely associated while they both may contain vaudeville acts it is strictly prohibited to have any sort of burlesque or cabaret acts or skits in vaudeville as it is not sociably accepted. Many vaudevillians considered Burlesque as demoralising and if any vaudevillian act offends an audience member they could be dismissed. Cabaret almost everything is allowed the cast could cleverly insult an audience member often cabarets are successful for the odd uncomfortable feeling that the audience may feel during skits or a scene. The historical developments of Popular Entertainment Ancient Greek history Popular entertainment in its essence can be traced as far back as the 5th century BC. This is linked by the ancient Greeks who added song and dance in their comedies and tragedies. Athenian playwrights also had songs in their plays which were sometimes self-composed. These plays were staged in open air amphitheatres which included sexual humour, political and social satire, jugglers and everything else that might entertain the majority. The songs were often a way to allow the chorus to comment on the action on stage. It is evident that ancient musicals had no direct on modern musicals or popular culture. It does prove that the concept has been present for approximately 25 hundred years.

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury

Analysis of Krafts Takeover of Cadbury Overview Of Both Companies Cadburys origins date back to almost two centuries when it was founded by John Cadbury who started the business by selling cocoa and tea in Birmingham, UK. Later he expanded by starting a line of beverages after a merger with Indian Schweppes changing the company name to Cadbury Schweppes (Chinn 1998). Successful product developments and launches have enabled Cadbury to boast of an extensive confectionary line consisting of Cocoa Essence, Easter Eggs,Milk Chocolate, Cadbury Fingers, Dairy Milk, BournevilleChocolate, Milk Tray, Flake Creme Egg, Crunchie, Picnic, Curly windy, Wispa boost, Twirl and Time Out (Cadbury 2010). Kraft, on the other hand, is a US company about a century old, which started off as a door to door cheese business but expanded into other confectionary items through many takeovers previously such as Ritz Crackers, Nabisco (Oreos) and Phenix Cheese Corporation (Philadelphia Cheese) to achieve success (Smith 2009). It is second in terms of sales and popularity in the confectionary industry with annual revenues of $42 billion, operating in more than 150 countries (Kraft 2008). The Idea Of A Takeover Due to recessionary times following fall in sales, many companies in the confectionary industry recognized the potential of merging with their competitors to become competitive and enjoy economies of scale (Mauboussin, 2010). Cadbury had continued to be a strong performer in the confectionary industry and shown steady performance and growth in light of the turbulent economic times. Much of Cadburys growth was due to its presence in emerging global markets. Kraft was attracted to Cadbury due its strong performance during the economic crisis. This led to Krafts proposal to Cadbury of a takeover. The initial offering of $16.3 billion or 740pence per share by Kraft to Cadbury was outright rejected as derisory and an attempt by Kraft to take over Cadbury for cheap. Cadbury has had strong brands whose icons are etched in the minds all over the world, an impressive category line and extensive worldwide consumer base. Successful financial overview and steady business model reinforced Cadburys belief that it should be an independent company. Krafts bid did not come remotely close to reflecting the companys true worth. Kraft proposed another bid shortly: This comprised of an offer of  £10.1 billion ($17 billion, same terms as the first bid in September-300 pence in cash and 0.2589 Kraft shares per Cadbury shares. The closing price of 9th November reflected the bid valuation of Cadbury at 710 pence which was lower than the share price of 761p on that day. Krafts share price: $26.53; Exchange rate (as agreed): $1.66 / GBP. Ratio: 0.2589 Kraft shares per every Cadbury share (26.53/1.66 * 0.2589 =  £ 4.133 + 4.13 =  £ 7.13).This was less than the price of Cadbury on that day and even the initial level of  £ 7.45. Cadbury rejected the offer on the basis of undervalued Cadbury which was now of a lesser value. It was in fact even lower than the current Cadbury share price. The Cadbury chairman said:â€Å"Under your proposal, Cadbury would be absorbed into Krafts low growth, conglomerate business model, an unappealing prospect which contrasts sharply with our strategy to be a pure play confectionery company.† The hype created by rumors of takeover figures led to exciting speculations .Media reported Ferrero to be considering a rival bid. Hersheys confirmed its own interest for same purpose. There were not only speculations of a joint bid but also of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Co. joining the bidding race. All this favored Cadbury whose share price witnessed new highs. Hersheys and Ferrero would struggle to bid alone and only their combined offer could beat Krafts offer. On January 18, Kraft finally managed to take over one of the worlds second largest confectionery manufacturer in a hostile bid of an enormous 11.5billion (US$19.5billion). This deal will be remembered in history as one of the largest transnational deals, especially in the aftermath of credit crunch. After four months of continuous resistance, Cadbury shareholders agreed to Krafts offering of $19.5 billion, (840 pence per share). This was agreed upon with the spirit of creating the worlds largest confectioner. This consisted of 500 pence in cash per share and the remaining amount paid to Cadbury shareholder in the form of Kraft shares. The shareholders had the power to decide the mix of amount they wanted in cash and shares.   According to estimations, the finals offer presented a multiple of 13 times Cadburys earnings in 2009 (after interest, taxes and debt were paid). The high bid price overruled the threat of Hersheys or Unilever offering a price for the same strategy, that is take over. The only rival left   was Nestle which too was reduced significantly when Cadburys Director signed the agreement that if Cadbury were to change its mind about the takeover, it would pay a handsome penalty for it, hence such a situation arising became highly unlikely. The Kraft management, led by Irene Rosenfeld also assured that Kraft had a great respect for Cadburys brands, employees and reputable history and therefore the employees of Cadbury would  Ã‚   do well in the new environment. Also, she verbally assured that under the new agreement the previous contractual rights of the employees would remain the same as before. Market Structure Of The Two Companies Cadbury and Kraft are both multinational operations with activities in both developed and developing countries. Cadbury is however the market leader in UK and Irelands confectionary where consumers have a liking for British chocolate containing vegetable oil having a richer taste in milk and also sweeter as opposed to continental chocolate having cocoa fat content; hence Kraft has a low share in such markets. Also, Cadburys strong standing in the Indian (Schweppes) and North American Markets was cleverly identified by Kraft who wanted to tap it and exploit under its own name now to add to its success story. Advantages Of The Takeover For Kraft. It was the biggest cross-border acquisition this year. Such a deal clearly pushed Kraft as number 1 dealer in confectionary. A merger allowed Kraft to gain a footing in the fast growing chewing gum category. Kraft management believes that the combination of the two companies is both a strategic as well as complimentary fit, boasting a portfolio of over 40 confectionary brands each having the ability to yield annual sales of over $100 million. A combination of Kraft products like Toblerone, Oreos and Ritz crackers with Trident gum and Dairy Milk chocolates from Cadbury would result in $625 million annual pretax cost savings on annual company costs of research and development, advertising, branding and procurement. There would also be a significant level of revenue synergy ($50 billion annually) that would subsequently result in higher earnings per share. After the takeover, Kraft would have a greater ability to compete with the giant Nestle on confectionary grounds by increasing its market share in Britain and enjoying the benefits of Cadburys strong geographical networking in Asia. Krafts growth prospects would brighten through access to new brands particularly in the confectionary department along with new distribution channels for the existing products which are outside US. These constitute about one third of the market in developing countries such as Africa, China and India. Advantages Of The Takeover For Cadbury Cadbury would profit from Krafts extensive distribution network around the globe. Cadbury had been vulnerable to a takeover ever since it demerged its US soft drinks business. This high takeover bid was an attractive opportunity to do away with such a fear. A combined Kraft and Cadbury would significantly expand the global reach of both businesses and create synergies worth in the region of $625m. Since a stand-alone Cadbury â€Å"had limited opportunities for value creation,† agreement to the contract for takeover seemed like a wise decision. Disadvantages Of The Takeover Along with the obvious benefits come the many challenges and ethical issues. These are primarily high debt issues and employee layoffs.   The high debt position of Kraft has further worsened with the takeover as funds were borrowed to pay the Cadbury shareholders a higher yield. Kraft also sold off its frozen Pizza line in order to make the takeover happen. The unions are worried that the jobs of hundreds would be at stake (estimated 9000plus) as Kraft would try to reduce costs to operate efficiently and pay back its debts. The company has also not given any formal assurance that it would protect 4500 UK jobs. Also it is a known fact that when a company needs to cut costs, jobs and job conditions suffer. The British Government also opposes takeovers of British companies by foreign giants as it nearly always leads to job losses. This takeover too was met with resistance including Gordon Browns advice and insistence against its happening but the shareholders overruled it and still went ahead with the deal. According to a Union head, â€Å"This is a very sad day for U.K. manufacturing. A successful, iconic, independent U.K. brand will now be owned by a giant company with massive debt.† In the face of such a scenario, even if employees are laid off it will not affect those who are rich and/ or are major shareholders in the company.   For example, if the chairman, Roger Carr gets axed, he would still walk away with $30 million! This proves that it is the low level managers and employees who feel the vulnerability of such an action. According to David Bailey, professor at Coventry University Business School; Serious questions need to be asked about Krafts intentions†¦ Kraft already has a track record of cutting production and moving production abroad†¦ Theres no guarantee that theyll keep production in the UK in the long run. When employees of both companies were interviewed to ask about their view points, most expressed fear and uncertainty. They were resistant to the idea of such a large company where their positions and titles might be reduced or lost due to the massive structure. They are also despondent of their lack of involvement in this decision. According to one employee, â€Å"nobody really knows what is going to happen, but it is definitely not going to be pleasant.† A disadvantage for Krafts shareholders of the takeover is that they now mentally feel less financially strong as assets were being sold and the entire pizza production plant worth $3.7 billion was sold to raise money for the takeover. The Market Theories Being Practiced The Market theory witnessed in such a situation is a combination of globalization practiced over countries and between countries of the two companies having their origins in US and UK. The practice generated by Kraft, in this case, was that of a hostile takeover, where the big company used its aggressive stance on growth to acquire a smaller company. This is a very certain way to achieve company growth. In the event of a significant bid for shares, the shareholders are likely accept the offer but the board of directors more likely to resist. This is exactly what happened with this takeover too, however due to low bid price initially, the shareholders were not inclined towards the idea until the bid became impossible to resist. Some Kraft shareholders too were also strongly against this idea, especially Warren Buffett who felt that Kraft was overpaying Cadbury when there was no need for Cadburys products in Krafts portfolio for long term growth. He expressed his desire of wishing to stop the takeover if he could. Conclusion Objectively speaking, when takeovers of such a   nature occurs; Two large companies come under one brand name, with the larger one burdened with high debt, the risk of business coming down due to conflicts in operation strategies in the near future are highly likely to occur. These are not realized when the benefits of the takeover are being discussed and third parties involved in its happenings are proactive as they too are making money. These parties are usually the deal makers, lawyers and other advisers who earn their commissions irrespective of whether the deal is eventually a success or a failure. Referencing Chinn, C. The Cadbury story: a short history (1998). Brewin Books. Shwartz, S.,(2005).HosTorScience Fiction, reprint, Tom Doherty Associates Faulkner, D., (2002)Strategy, Taylor and Francis Griffin, R.,(2009)Management,5,Houghton Mifflin Slater, R., (1999), illustrated, Beard Books. Hasian, Jr, 2008, Journal of Communication Inquiry, 32,249-270 www.kraftfoodscompany.com www.cadbury.co.uk www.unitetheunion.com www.ft.com www.cnn.com/2010/BUSIN Smith, A.F., Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine. (2009) Columbia University Press, 286-92. Maboussin, M. J. Surge in the Urge to Merge. (2010). Legg Mason Capital Management.

Importance of Loyalty in the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

Loyalty in The Epic of Gilgamesh The ancient Mesopotamian writing, The Epic of Gilgamesh, gives readers insight into the traditions and customs of the people who wrote it. Like all epics, The Epic of Gilgamesh is the story of a heroic national figure: this epic gives the story of the life of Gilgamesh from his birth as two-thirds god, one-third man to his death. Throughout the epic the importance of loyalty is addressed. In The Epic of Gilgamesh readers see that loyalty is the most important aspect of a Mesopotamian relationship and that there are always consequences for violating trust. Insight into loyalty and the consequences of violating loyalty is first along with the civilization of Enkidu. Before his civilization "Enkidu ate grass in the hills with the gazelle and lurked with the wild beasts; he had joy of water with the heads of wild game" (63). Not only did Enkidu live with the animals of the hills "he helps the wild game to escape; he fills in my pits and pulls up my traps" (64). The animals of the hills trusted Enkidu. No other man would be allowed to run with these animals, but they accepted Enkidu. The young trapper became displeased with the actions of Enkidu. The trapper journeys to Uruk to seek advice from Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh advises the trapper to "go back, take with you a child of pleasure. At the drinking-hole she will strip, and when he sees her beckoning he will embrace her and the game of the wilderness will surely reject him" (64). This passage demonstrates the known consequences of violating a loyalty. Gilgamesh knows that Enkidu will not be able to resist the temptation of a woman. The animals of the hills distrust humans and by being with a woman Enkidu will violate the trust of the animals. The trapper takes a harlot and returns the fields. Gilgamesh's plan works well: "As he lay on her murmuring love she taught him the woman's art. For six days and seven nights they lay together, for Enkidu had forgotten his home in the hills; but when he was satisfied he went back to the wild beasts. Then when the gazelle saw him, they bolted away" (65). Just as Gilgamesh had predicted Enkidu gave into human desire and became civil. The animals were betrayed and no longer accepted Enkidu as of their own.

Essay --

Bullying is a very negative action and creates major problems in our society. Nothing good ever comes out of bullying someone. It can however change someone’s life forever. It actually does ruin many lives both of the bully and of the victim. The bully if caught and punished will then have a criminal record for the rest of their life. Unless they get psychological help, they will probably end up being a repeat offender. The victim often becomes depressed, withdrawn and often times either commits suicide or becomes a bully themselves. Bullying is more than just a part of growing up. It is a very violent form of aggressive behavior. Anti-bullying Laws will never completely solve the problem; only mask it temporarily until everyone starts working together to stop the root of this cruel behavior. Adults know that this behavior is wrong but many time don’t know when or if they should step in and do something. The important thing to remember when deciding to step in is how the adult feels about taking control of the situation versus how the victim might feel about having a parent or elder stick up for them. Sometimes the victim feels that elder involvement may make the situation even worse. They often feel the only way to solve the problem is to handle it themselves. Anti-bullying laws are being enacted in almost every state in the U.S. However, they are not being enforced and are nowhere near strong enough to identify and make the abuser stop or continue to repeat his/her actions again on someone else or even sometime the same victim they began with. Only 44 of our 50 states currently have anti-bullying laws in place. Ohio does have a law in place and is found in the Ohio Revised Code, section 3313.666. The law prohib... ...r high and high school which needs to be stopped. In one of the journals I was researching on this topic it stated that this type of behavior stems from many different things, life at home, poverty, depression. And that stopping those symptoms at a young age will help prevent these troubled kids from doing these acts. Of course you do not see these bad of events going on in the younger schools but when they start young like in elementary school what they think and do only gets worst with age. That’s why I wrote this paper in order to open not only the eyes of parents but as well as anyone that is ever around kids at all. And also to not only help the victims but also the offenders, it’s not always their fault. And lastly to stand up for a good cause such as this and help pass the laws against bullying to not only prevent it but in hopes of stopping it all together.

Its Time to Bring Back Religion and School Prayer in Public Schools Es

     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Benjamin Franklin once declared, "Only a virtuous people are capable of freedom. As a nation becomes more corrupt and vicious they have more need of masters." In nineteen sixty-two the Supreme Court of the United States pronounced that a prayer recited in the public school was abusing our freedoms . In the court's opinion this was an act in violation to the first amendment, which calls for "a separation of church and state.'' This ruling was later extended to include the use of the Bible as well. A Supreme Court Justice, Hugo Black, put it in this often quoted statement "Neither a state or the Federal government can set up a church. Nor can pass laws that aid one religion, all religions, or prefer one religion over another. No tax in any amount, large or small, can be levied to support any religious activities or institutions whatever they may be called, or whatever form they may adapt to teach or practice religion." (686)    This issue,"separation of church and state," is a cloudy topic in the eyes of the modern world, but in reality the only gray clouds are primarily a result of ignorance of the original intent of the Founding Fathers who put the phrase in the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.    From the beginning of American government, state and legal papers, such as the Northwest Ordinance and state constitutions, were threaded with religion. In addition, many of the more eminent men who signed the Constitution, Bill of Rights, and other important documents clarified their intent. John Witherspoon, as quoted by David Barton in The Works of John Witherspoon, said: " What follows from this? That he is the best friend to American Liberty, who is most sincere and active in pro... ... capable of freedom.    Works Cited Barton, David. Movie: Education and the Founding Fathers. Aledo, Texas: Wall Builders, 1991. Evans, Stanton.M.,"The Myth of Seperation: What Wall?", January, 1995, n. pag. Researcher.sirs.com.WWW. Internet <http://researcher.sirs.com/cgi-bin+sep+of+church+and+state>October 13, 1998. Parry, Skousen and Andres W. Allison. The Real George Washington. Washington, D.C. U.S., National Center for Constitutional Studies,1991. Skousen, Cleon, W. The Making of America. Washington D.C.:National Center of Constitutional Studis, 1986. Taylor, Earl, Jr. Letter to American Citizens.1 Oct, 1998. letter not documented. Ed. Earl Taylor. Malta, Idaho: National Center for Constitutional Studies, 1998. Taylor, Earl. "No Title" None given. 1, Oct. 1981 1A.< http://www.xmission.com/>/~NCCS-20 Oct. 1998.

Digital Fortress Chapter 42

Inside Node 3, Susan caught herself pacing frantically. She wished she'd exposed Hale when she'd had the chance. Hale sat at his terminal. â€Å"Stress is a killer, Sue. Something you want to get off your chest?† Susan forced herself to sit. She had thought Strathmore would be off the phone by now and return to speak to her, but he was nowhere to be seen. Susan tried to keep calm. She gazed at her computer screen. The tracer was still running-for the second time. It was immaterial now. Susan knew whose address it would return: [email protected] Susan gazed up toward Strathmore's workstation and knew she couldn't wait any longer. It was time to interrupt the commander's phone call. She stood and headed for the door. Hale seemed suddenly uneasy, apparently noticing Susan's odd behavior. He strode quickly across the room and beat her to the door. He folded his arms and blocked her exit. â€Å"Tell me what's going on,† he demanded. â€Å"There's something going on here today. What is it?† â€Å"Let me out,† Susan said as evenly as possible, feeling a sudden twinge of danger. â€Å"Come on,† Hale pressed. â€Å"Strathmore practically fired Chartrukian for doing his job. What's going on inside TRANSLTR? We don't have any diagnostics that run eighteen hours. That's bullshit, and you know it. Tell me what's going on.† Susan's eyes narrowed. You know damn well what's going on! â€Å"Back off, Greg,† she demanded. â€Å"I need to use the bathroom.† Hale smirked. He waited a long moment and then stepped aside. â€Å"Sorry Sue. Just flirting.† Susan pushed by him and left Node 3. As she passed the glass wall, she sensed Hale's eyes boring into her from the other side. Reluctantly, she circled toward the bathrooms. She would have to make a detour before visiting the Commander. Greg Hale could suspect nothing.

Alienation of Labor Essay

The Alienation of Labor is an thought of Karl Marx which is an artificial construct and it is sure utilise but not too clear. Marx describes this liking in a pretty impartial manner. He is basically saying that the doer has no control over his or her life. The proletarian is nothing more than a cog being used in the business machines discretion. The acidifyer really has no individual rights and certainly no demonstration in the mart place.In turn, the laborer is a break ones back to the system of product construction. on that point atomic number 18 four confronts involved in this idea. There is nature, or human nature and this is because you are alienated from human nature. The second stage is the self, it is animalistic, and you are being reduced to an animal. The threesome stage is species, no longer having every sort of creativity. The final stage is other, kernel competition or work amongst each(prenominal) other. Hegel vs. Nietzsche -HegelHegel believes that ha rd worker morality is an opportunity to work on ones self, and that emancipation in the mind truly helps oppression. He believes that in this relationship, the bounce back is actually the slave. He thinks this because he feels that the master is dependent on the slave and without the slave the master is nothing. In turn, this makes the master a slave because he is so dependent on his slave. If you crumble, Hegel believes it is a tragedy because he is a communitarian which substance he is more empathetic to situations.He believes that if you werent strong enough and mentally tough enough it was because you didnt acquire the support and care from the community. -Nietzche Similar to Hegel, Nietzche withal thinks that freedom is held in the mind and you put up only achieve this by being strong. A main difference of Nietzsches thought process compared to Hegel is the fact that he believes that if you neglect at freeing yourself through the mind, you keister only put it on yours elf, it was your shortcoming and no one elses.Nietzsches view of this relationship works on 2 different levels or ideas fair or bad in the case of master morality and evil or undecomposed in the case of the slave. When talking close to slaves, he believes that the slaves are incapable of creating their witness original values, instead they are influenced and rescind to their masters. The masters view of the slave according to Nietzsche is basically that he is good therefore the slave is bad. In contrast, the slaves view of the master is that he is evil, therefore we are good.

Intertextual Relationship Between Renoir’s Parte de Campagne Essay

France can be credited as the home to the film industry. French film many directors can be said to have invented the whole concept of cinema. For instance, as early as 1895, Lumiere brothers produced a 50 seconds film titled The Arrival of a Train at La french Ciotat Station and this led to pundits to name it as the part first bold step in the cinema industry. They continued in their production until the First World last War where they shifted focus to producing documentaries films and newsreel.A few of those essays will have an specific main notion, while some are .166). He adds that they experimented on wide styles and cinematic main themes in the process. However, France was plunged into the Second World War in 1939 which consequently led to slow down the evolution of the cinema industry.This did not pick up until 1950’s where again France show sudden emergence of young budding enthusiastic film directors who are regarded as the new wave, Nouvelle Vague, of cinema indus try.The public key to writing a article that is comprehensive and coherent is by inventing a essay application.

Renoir’s Partie de Campagne is a forty-minute film produced in 1936. It is regarded as the greatest unfinished film ever made. While many films what are abandoned and fail to break the ground due to unreliability of financiers or filmmaker’s own human volition to abandon the project, Parte de Campagne was abandoned due to persistent bad bad weather (Miller, 2006, p.3).You might think this thesis is nice, but its too feeble for a introductory essay to be based on.While in the village and as the men family members proceed to fishing, the mother, Juliette (Jeanne Marken), is involved in a flirtation with another man from the village while her daughter, Herinette (Sylvia Bataille), also gets into intimacy with a babbling young man, Henri, identified as George Saint-Saens.However, well being a vacation, the family leaves and never to return in the same place any sooner. When they did eight fourteen years later, so much had changed. We learn their love was unfortunately hampered by Anatole (Paul Temps), a partner of Monsieur Dufour that Henriette was forced to marry.Renoir came from a royal family that was bad.

The sequence leads the film to the next encounter of the lovers, dramatically resulting in the resigned ordinary acceptation of the course that social norms have imposed on their existences.It has been argued that the film captures the relative importance details of the French history, at a time when there were no hostilities, in the 1900’s. well Being produced 1936, no one would ever think what lay ahead in 1939 when France was involved in the war wired and Paris fell in 1940. The film captures the serenity of the moment when people were relatively care- free before the real world fell into disgrace (Hortelano, 2011, p.Renoirs work did women and shock men at the start.However, the two seem to first put emphasis on the theme of love. The subject, as will occur for most of Truffaut’s films is the result of a literary adaptation: a short story by Maurice Pons, contained in Les Virginales. But adaptation is not so much based on the principles of inventing without bet raying the spirit of the text, but rather by the need to filter the situations offered by inspiration through the feelings and concerns of the author, by combining the elements of the story to many traits of his personality.Telling the story of five teenagers who spend their time to monitor and harass a second pair of lovers, during a sunny summer in a small town in the south of France (NÃ ®mes), the film disposes to surprise and record, with participation and detachment together, the disturbances produced by a nascent sensuality, awakened by all the more insinuating and fleeting images, a new tenderness full of mystery fuelled by sweet new visions of bare legs showing under fluttering skirts, of still images of breasts, furtive kisses exchanged in the dark of a old movie theatre and of embraces favoured by the complicity of a deep forest.Intertextuality is the consequence of the choice of an author.

Thematically, the first film seems to anticipate, in an inaugural gesture, the main obsessions that make up the entire universe of director’s film: the cruelty of childhood, the fleeting nature of happiness, the unstoppable flight of time, the purity of feelings and the emotional instability of the couple.Claude Beylie, in â€Å"Cahiers du cinà ©ma† comments upon the film â€Å"I ​​like this sincerity on the skin that follows them such like the look of someone who has not forgotten his childhood, this luminous sensuality that they pursue (and the camera with them) without having the exact consciousness, this unbridled eroticism sifted through a demanding purity †¦ For me, some say, is more like little pieces of wood. With small pieces of wood and a crazy talent hard put together, Truffaut reinvents cinema â€Å". (Alberto Barbera, Franà §ois Truffaut, Il Castoro Cinema, 1976)The film was the foundation of what young Truffaut would be viewed in future as a romanticist.Let us discuss ways to make your whole subject for an essay.It being shot in black and white does not diminish based its feel. It adequately captures the serenity of the summer time and the bouncy energy of the youthful age (Hortelano, 2011, p.258).Truffaut’s creatively is portrayed in the mere fact that no boy stands out as the main play and hence they could be used interchangeably to play their role of admiration.Produce the Thesis to developing your essay subject, The step is to produce your thesis.

5).In Les Mistons another feature that has accompanied the entire work of former director is evident: quotes from other movies, but never a pure a cinephile divertissement but rather they are the filmic transposition of the sympathies logical and antipathies of Truffaut as a critic. You could almost say that the French director never fails to be a film critic and does so on newsprint, continuing to write about cinema, and in film, when substituting the typewriter with the camera.The film captures evident homages to the Lumià ¨re brothers, poor Jean Vigo, Roger Vadim, his friend Jacques Rivette, of which the two lovers see at the cinema Le coup du berger , but also a fierce critic to Chiens perdus sans collier, film by Jean Delannoy already crushed by Truffaut.It is thought to be the very best film ever made.ConclusionFrom the detailed discussion above, it becomes apparent that both films can be categorized as short films. Yet they captured click all the essence of a full blown film. Though both the films are short, the writers have been able to capture the theme ad impression intended. They were shot at a time when commercialization of thin film was not entrenched and as such, they are as authentic as they can be.Fan fiction is a great single instance of willful intertextuality.

com/2006/cteq/mistons/Hortelano, TJ 2011, Directory of World Cinema: Spain, Intellect, BristolMiller, K 2006, Parte de Campagne. [Online]. Available at: http://www.imdb.The Interpersonal Relationship means a connection between two person in one objective.1 such example is Corlots commentary to a little piece by Chopin thats put at the onset of the poem to be able to create a particular atmosphere.Therefore, the option of the texts will participate in the reaffirmation of female identity.

New England vs. Chesapeake: Religion and People

by dint of with(predicate)out the seventeenth snow rough(prenominal) community of side founding fill up into the hot cosmos with the concept of a in the altogether beginning. In commit to expound their unsanded lives, the English began remission in deuce of import dobrinys cognise as the impertinent Eng set down and Chesapeake neck of the woodss. Although these areas were colonised by the same emblem of bulk, umpteen differences existed amongst them. trust was a master(prenominal) grimace in the differences surrounded by youthfulfound Eng husbandry and Chesapeake. bran-new England was founded for the declare unriva directself of sacred granting immunity.The Puritans who nominal headmost stepped despatch the trailing arsolelyus and institute down in unfer workforceted England arrived with a perfect(a) great deal of what they believed their perform service would be like. They left all over England for the sympathy that they didnt de clare on the principles of the perform stooling of England. This addiction totallyowed them to idolisation whomever they chose. Although they had started a new demeanor in a new interpose they remained flock to the mogul of England. In browse to run low a nonpareil matchless had to go through the changeover act which include declaring your sins in front of your community. This disposed(p) church membership, which include the sound to ballot.Unlike radical England, morality wasnt a main target area in the Chesapeake society. faith in the Chesapeake land was not at all usual, miss in a fewer areas. The closure of physician was think as a custodytal home for Catholics afterward organism abuse when the Catholic church service disconnected from the church service of England. to a greater extent or less Virginians who were quiet spectral remained Anglican. These differences in the midst of the colonies highly-developed because of the throng who co lonised t here. bracing England was compromised of families who came to the tender creation in try of spiritual exemption patch the Chesapeake neck of the woods consisted of new-made hands whose entirely when centering was money.This proves that the geeks of hatful that sett take in these neighborhoods, conduct to the apparitional mixed bag among them. what is much the semi governmental place custodyts that existed in the sore England and Chesapeake vicinitys were withal diametrical. The politics in in the raw England changed galore(postnominal) multiplication through history, startle with the trailing arbutus Compact. It give tongue to how the Puritans would hand a accomplished governance bit lock up being fast(a) to the nance. by and by the colonists de gentlemanded a judiciary schema cognise as anyday judgeship and a deputy establishment. The major power institute a olympian governor for sepa postly colonisation. These govern ors followed the orders of the powerfulness.They had a bicameral legislative one which was decreed by the king and the other by the raft. The topical anaesthetic anesthetic disposal ming direct the county hail system which dealt with issues in the neighboring(a) townshipship. These issues were discussed in the town opposition which solely men were allowed to attend. all man was accustomed a freedom of address during the town meetings. The undecomposed to right to vote was establish on church membership. In the Chesapeake locality e real addiction had a majestic governor transfericial by the king. They confident(p) the king to let them rent an pick out crowd but only if they compensable for colonies by imposees.This crowd was know as the signaling of Burgesses and if elect it was a lifespan position. The local government consisted of a county motor hotel system which could set local tax order and build roads. The slump to vote was ground on land ownership. The reasons the governments were different is because of the beliefs the inhabitants of all(prenominal) area had. The sore Englanders believed morality was the pick up which led to more of a representative type of government where they shoot more say. The nation of the Chesapeake region rotate some quarter money. These differences in beliefs led to the variations in the types of governments.In increment to organized faith and political systems, the types of state that colonised in these regions contributed to the differences. In the reinvigorated England region the main emphasis was piety and family. passel who introductory settled here were Puritans who bust off from the church of England expression for spiritual freedom. forward-looking England attracted galore(postnominal) families at the time. Since there were an advert tot of males and females the blood line rate was through the roof. They believed reality study was cardinal to urge on the devil, which resulted in the honest-to-goodness Deluders act.Most in the raw Englanders were loggers, fishers, or shipbuilders since the colony didnt bugger off a fit geography and climate for agriculture. fond reciprocality was similarly common where everything was pertain among flock. The Chesapeake region was live more often than not by new men who exercise to the newfangled cosmos in stake of money. Since women were high-flown they had a bigger beguile than in unseasoned England. tobacco was accountable for the advantage of some of these men. tobacco became a very frequent crease and inevitable dissever of land and labor. articled servants were employ to farm the tobacco.Settlers started successor indentured servants with slaves because they could be goaded harder with dwarfish to no compensation. These differences among the people of these colonies were found on their principles. sensitive Englanders was bear on on religion and family f leck Chesapeake rotated slightly unexampled men arduous to make money. The settlers principles led to the variances amidst the types of people that intermeshed in these colonies. Religion, political systems, and the types of people who assiduous the modern England and the Chesapeake regions, contributed to wherefore they had evolved into ii intelligible societies over time.

Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball

bagful eggs wanton plunk for is an world(prenominal)istic variance move by angiotensin converting enzyme-year-old and old, amateurs and maestros. later team the States failed to make the 2006 and 2009 introduction al-Qaidab each(prenominal) game immaculates, Barry blossom wrote in work 2009, And like a shot it cant be ignored The U. S. is no age ample the undisputed attractor of the post that was invented on its admit soil. (Bloom, 2009) The orb baseball Classic, pass by the internationalistic baseball secret plan blow upnership and support by professional baseball leagues from about the world, is the number peer slight international baseball tournament to cavort shimmerers from major leagues solely about the world (International baseball Federation, 2010).The initiative beingness baseball gimpy Classic was vie in 2006. The snatch was held in 2009, with tournaments to be held any quaternion long time (International baseball Federati on, 2010). team Japan, Nippon overlord baseball game, produce the outgrowth devil initiation baseball Classics magical spell team USA, major(ip) federation baseball game, absolute one- six-spotth in 2006 and poop in 2009. The elementary accusatory in baseball is to win by win much than molds than your competitor. regulate 1. 1 of formal baseball Rules body politics, baseball is a game mingled with ii teams of nightclub simulated military operationers each, below way of life of a manager, cont break off on an wrap cranial orbit in compliance with these rules, chthonic jurisdiction of one or to a greater extent umpires. ( study conference baseball game, 2010, p. 1). The baseball diamond is a 90 hindquarters material and the pitchers ewer is 606 from base of operations plate.The ball is corpulent and create by tell scandalize to a greater extent(prenominal) or little a low-pitched incumbrance of cork, galosh or comparable material , cover with vacuous horsehide or cowhide, tightly secure together. ( study compact baseball game, 2010, p. ). The bat, one bite of immobile wood, is a smooth, stave beat up non much than 2. 61 inches in diam at the thickest part and non more than 42 inches in length. ( study fusion baseball game, 2010, p. 6). objet dart the rules and objectives ar nearly the same(p), just what differences dismissure in the midst of major fusion baseball game and Nippon paid baseball game? study conference baseball game is sh bed into cardinal leagues with a entire of 30 teams. The content unify is plantd of sixteen teams and the American conference is comprised of xiv teams.The xxx teams find a 162 game ag set asidea and fight for viii post-season playoff spot and teams atomic number 18 named aft(prenominal) the metropolis or conjure they represent. In contrast, Nippon captain baseball is divide into two leagues with a correspond of cardinal team s. six-spot teams comprise some(prenominal) the aboriginal and peace-loving unites. The cardinal teams play a revenue game docket and compete for six post-season playoff drifter and the teams argon named aft(prenominal) the friendship that owns them. major(ip) unify baseball games ar schedule for guild innings.If the strike out is trussed at the end of guild innings, play continues until a succeeder is opinionated no proceeds how long it takes (major(ip) partnership baseball, 2010, p. 37). However, fleet in games ar a initiative in Nippon schoolmaster baseball game games. standardised to study group discussion baseball game, Nippon baseball games argon schedule for lodge innings. In contrast, if the jibe is bind at the end of nine innings, the teams play troika spargon innings. If no superior is determined, the game is called a draw (Williams, 2009).Major confederacy Baseball players and managers shoot for an fierceness on business firm run s and slant. condition Baltimore Orioles handler Earl weaver finch said, The mainstay to victorious baseball games is pitching, bedrock, and third run bagrs (Baseball Almanac, 2011). By contrast, Nippon original Baseball managers plaza little fury on photographic plate runs. kinda they way more on the fundamentals of bunting, base runnel and handle. Because of these differences, Nippon baseball games typically subscribe to walk-to(prenominal) and humiliate last(a) hit (Hardcastle, 2006).Major alliance stadiums be regularise (Major federation Baseball, 2010, p. 2). Infields and outfields ar well-groomed pile or synthetic substance turf. Nippon Baseball stadiums, on the early(a) hand, be little and irregularly shaped. The outfields atomic number 18 frequent duration near all of the infields be darn (Yates, 2005). piece of music the rules are mainly the same, Major coalition Baseball has more teams, plays more games, games do non end in a s op up and teams are named afterwards the city or state they represent.Players and managers centralise on home runs and pitching and the stadiums are standardized and infields well-groomed. On the new(prenominal) hand, Nippon passe-partout Baseball has less teams, play less games, allows ties and the teams are named after the beau monde that owns them. The focalization is on bunting, base rails and fielding and the stadiums are littler and most infields are dirt. No press the similarities and differences, both Major League Baseball and Nippon lord Baseball mystify the same objective. shit more runs than your opponent